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The Luxembourg Speaker: 
Gilbert Trausch as Public Historian

  1. Introduction

Gilbert Trausch (1931–2018) was not only the most eminent,[1] but also the most dominant Luxembourgish historian of his time. His influence derived from both his scientific capability and his ability to sell well the products of his historical science[2] to the public. No other Luxembourgish historian reached or reaches the high level of Trausch’s medialisation.[3] No other historian determined the historical awareness[4] and the conception of history of the Luxembourgish public to this extent. In Luxembourg Gilbert Trausch was more than a public historian: He was a star. He even became a comic strip’s protagonist; the Luxembourgish cartoon Superjhemp drew him as a cab chauffeur narrating Luxembourgish history to his clients while driving.[5] Trausch surely was the most public historian of Luxembourg. 

In the following I would like to consider some of these questions: Who was the public historian Gilbert Trausch? Which fields of the public history did he cultivate? Are there any political implications of the public historian? How did he adapt to his public? What differences can we find between his public and his academic history? And how influential was Trausch’s public history?

  • Definition of the Public Historian Trausch

The expression “Public History” has several meanings. First it refers to the academic subject Public History which nowadays is taught in hundreds of universities.[6] As Gilbert Trausch neither was trained[7] in nor gave lessons on Public History this first definition is of no use for this presentation. The non-academic public history is sometimes defined as “radical history from below”,[8] as “history for the public, about the public, and by the public”.[9] But we won’t find in the history of Trausch any collaboration with any general public. He rather worked alone or in academic groups. So we must ignore this gras roots definition as well. The term public history we are interested in stands in general for every historical presentation destined to a public without any previous experience in the matter.[10] Public history is “employment of historians and the historical method outside the academia”.[11]

In all times public historians were found in official positions of the state.[12] Trausch likewise related to politics and advised governmental agencies. Occasionally he wrote discourses of official representatives of the Grand Duchy, for example for the Grand Duke, as for the allocution of Grand Duke Jean on the occasion for the award of the Charlemagne Prize to the Luxembourgish people in 1986.[13] Or Trausch produced parts of addresses of his Prime Ministers, as for Jacques Santer for whom he contributed historical introductions to his speeches, for example to Santer’s lecture on “L’Europe après Maastricht” in 1992 or for his speech on the Luxembourg House of Robert Schuman in 1994[14] and as for Jean-Claude Juncker’s oration on the occasion of an award attributed to François Mitterrand in 1995.[15]

Through his outstanding role in Luxembourgish society Trausch became a semi-official representative of his country. Consequently he attended many state receptions of foreign political leaders where he sometimes was requested to speak[16] and he frequented the foreign embassies of the capital – up to two different embassies on one day. Every now and then, Trausch even saw himself as the mouthpiece of the Luxembourg public. In 1990 on the occasion of the 100thanniversary of the arrival of the dynasty Nassau-Weilbourg on the throne of Luxembourg Trausch told the Grand Duke how much his people adore their monarchy: “The Lux[embourgers], appreciate/love very much Your numerous contacts with the population, Your numerous participations at ceremonies [and] manifestations of all kind[. They appreciate/love] You and the Grand Duchesse[,] the Heir-G[rand] D[uke] and His wife”.[17]  

Trausch granted himself the right to speak in the name of all Luxembourg citizens[18] because public historians “act as historians and citizens” and Trausch had a message to convey. Just as Ronald J. Grele is telling us about public historians: “[…] from the first days of the profession some of the giants of the field have spoken to a variety of publics in an attempt to raise the consciousness of the citizenry at large and make history relevant to social concern.”[19]

  • Historiography for the General Public

Trausch had a large variety of attracting the attention of the Luxembourgish public on his history. First of all, as a historian he was a writer, and his books were very popular. Even his textbooks on Luxembourg modern history for high school classes,[20] were bought by the average Luxembourger. In our days every single volume Trausch ever wrote in his life is sold out. We won’t even find any in the second-hand bookshops of Luxembourg.[21]

Sometimes Trausch even sought about a second step to turn an academic publication into a book intended for the general public. For example: After a collaboration on some lectures with the trade union Letzeburger Arbechter-Verband (LAV) in 1976 he asked the federation whether it would be interested in a historical anthology on Luxembourg unionism, a collection of historical articles scientifically directed and edited by Trausch to which he himself wanted to contribute a large part. After the publication of this history book Trausch foresaw another “simplified edition, written in a very accessible language for the use of activists and the general public”.[22]

Trausch repeatedly worked together with Luxembourgish organisations and institutions on book projects like the history volume on two hundred years of the Luxembourgish gendarmerie[23] or his last great project, the book on the conservative party of Luxembourg, the Christian Social People’s Party[24]. As Michel Margue indicated earlier, he regularly wrote small historical booklets for various clients like banks or enterprises. These publications were destined largely for the general public, too.

  • Exhibitions of the Public Historian

Another manifestation of public history are exhibitions. Trausch also organised a lot of them like the exhibition celebrating the 100th anniversary of the birth of Robert Schuman in 1986,[25] the one celebrating the arrival of the Nassau dynasty on the Luxembourgish throne in 1990/91[26], or the little exhibition on the 50 years of the Schuman Plan in 2000.[27] His public history hit its peak with the organisation of the official celebrations in 1989 when Luxembourg commemorated its 150th anniversary of independence. Trausch was the president of the Governmental Commission for the Commemoration of the National Anniversaries which compiled an exhibition of some 600 movable walls. The inauguration of the exhibition was attended by international heads of state and crowned by the keynote speech of Gilbert Trausch.[28] Some people even called it the „exhibition of Mr. Trausch“.[29]

  • The Historian in the Media

Another research field analysed by Public History is the historian contributing to mass media.[30] By broadcasting their interpretations of the past through media, historians assume a particular responsibility.[31] By using mass media they run the risk that the public debate detaches from academic regulation. Uffa Jensen pointed out that these historians expose themselves to be misused as “Talking Heads”.[32]

No other Luxembourgish historian was at this point present in the media of his country. We can talk of an omnipresence of Gilbert Trausch. He regularly wrote historical articles in domestic and foreign newspapers[33]. With his numerous contributions to the Luxemburger Wort or the Escher Tageblatt he reached ten thousands of Luxembourgers. Luxembourgish newspapers communicated his lectures and his other activities almost every month and asked him very often for interviews on his interpretation of history or on present-day international politics.

Trausch was also very present in the other mass media. On the Luxembourg radio he discussed the situation of the catholic church in Luxembourg,[34] examined events of the Luxembourgish history,[35] explained the society of the Grand Duchy,[36] or commented the meaning and purpose of the national holiday[37]. On the occasion of the celebration of 150 years of Luxembourg’s independence RTL followers could listen to Trausch on at least twelve days between March and September 1989.[38] His lecture on 100 years of the reign of the House of Nassau in December 1990 was also broadcast on radio.[39] In the first half of March 1990 Trausch introduced Luxembourger listeners in ten transmissions even into the subject of the newly opened historical archives in Eastern Europe.[40] Not only in Luxembourg Trausch could be received on radio. Also the listeners of the neighbouring regions and states became acquaint with the public historian.[41]

On some Sundays Trausch’s idea of history was broadcast in Luxembourgish television, in the programme „Hei Elei Kuck Elei“ of RTL.[42] On other days he explained on television his concept of Luxembourgish national identity.[43]Unsurprisingly RTL couldn’t do without Trausch a television programme on the 100th anniversary of Robert Schuman or on the 50th anniversary of the Schuman declaration.[44] For the celebrations of the 150 years of independence Trausch appeared almost as often on television as he could be heard on radio.[45] Between 1980 and 2012 there were at least 100 television programmes presenting Trausch in Luxembourg. 

  • Lectures on Luxembourgish History for Every Public 

When Trausch was invited to a public address, he hardly said no. We already found some 50 lectures in front of a general public and we are still counting. Let me admit at this point two reservations: First we learn about his lectures mainly through his speech manuscripts, but we cannot identify which parts of his texts he really articulated in the conferences and which he omitted. My second reservation: It was not easy to resolve which of his lectures Trausch presented to only an academic public and which to a general public. 

We also have to differentiate between two types of public. A first group was interested in the history lectures by Trausch and followed an explicit invitation to his communication. This first group was the public on purpose. The listeners of the second group didn’t drop in neither for the topic nor for its presenter. Their objective was primarily to attend a convention or celebration of their associations like the assembly of the Luxembourgish gardeners,[46] or stamp collectors,[47] or nephrologists[48] where they discovered pleasantly surprised a certain Gilbert Trausch who had been asked by personal friends to talk about history. This second group must be called the random public. As an experienced lecturer, Trausch was capable to adjust to every public, to the listeners on purpose and to the random public. 

Everyone states that Trausch was an excellent orator, very well prepared and convincing. In most of his addresses he talked in French – he described himself as belonging to the French “culture circle”.[49] For an international audience he was also able to lecture in English. His fellow citizens he occasionally addressed in Luxembourgish. For his German listeners he spoke very well German, sometimes however intermingling some calques from the French into his German sentences.[50]

Like I said before for conveying his message Trausch adapted to his public and he did this even by simplifying and shortening historical contexts. For example: In public lectures on German reunification and its prospects to an audience of the early 1990s he preferably referred to the unification of the German Empire in 1871 to indicate that a greater Germany must not necessarily put its neighbours in greater danger. Trausch’s makeshift described as encouraging the first nineteen years of the newly unified Kaiserreich when Germany was saturated, when the “intelligent“ and “realistic” chancellor Bismarck kept a “low profile” in foreign politics and “limited his action to Europe”.[51] The Bismarck Reich was presented as the positive Germany?[52] Given the fact that his country Luxembourg suffered every time when Franco-German relations deteriorated[53] Trausch was well aware of the fatal influence of Bismarck’s annexation of Alsace-Moselle for the European peace order in the late 19th century.[54] But Trausch wanted to sell the message that the German reunification must not necessarily lead into another European catastrophe. 

  • Conclusion

In a multitude of appearances Trausch taught Luxembourg history to the general public. Through him historiography left the academic ivory tower and became an everyday attraction. Michel Margue called Trausch an “entrepreneur of history”. I would like to add that Trausch obviously enjoyed himself also as an entertainer of history. Putting in a lot of effort in his lectures and accepting almost every invitation he must have relished these public appearances. By presenting history in a comprehensible, sometimes simplified manner it was easy for him to influence the historical conscience of the Luxembourgers. Consequently he became, as labelled by Laurent Schmit, “the history teacher of the nation”.[55] With this public omnipresence Trausch gained a certain supremacy over the interpretation of Luxembourgish history. Not surprisingly such a public historian at times thought of himself as the spokesman of the Luxembourg public. 

But when – in the words of Barbara Howe – “the validity of any history rests upon the historian’s ability to evaluate evidence from the past and to put it in a comprehensible narrative”[56] and when – as explained by Joanna Wojdon and Dorota Wiśniewska – “the public(s) prefer simple, positive grand narratives of a glorious national past”,[57] then the public historian is somehow prisoner to his audience. 

But isn’t this precisely what public history is all about? As Marko Demantowsky defined: “Public history is a complex past-related identity discourse. Operated by collectives and individuals, it serves the mutual recognition of narratives.”[58] For Demantowsky public history is a quest for social recognition.[59] In the case of Gilbert Trausch certainly not a quest for personal recognition, but a quest for a recognition of his interpretation of Luxembourgish history and in the end a quest for a recognition of the state, the nation and the identity of Luxembourg. 

Wolfgang Freund (C2DH, University of Luxembourg)


[1] Monique Kieffer, “Gilbert Trausch, un historien dans son siècle,” Jacques P. Leider [et al.] (ed.), Du Luxembourg à l’Europe: Hommages à Gilbert Trausch à l’occasion de son 80e anniversaire (Luxemburg: Saint-Paul, 2011), p. 12–39, here p. 13.

[2] Cf. Peter Burke, Papier und Marktgeschrei: Die Geburt der Wissensgesellschaft, Übs. Matthias Wolf (Berlin: Wagenbach, 2002), ch. 7.### A Social History of Knowledge, vol. 1: From Gutenberg to Diderot

[3] Interview with Marie-Paule Jungblut on 4 January 2022. 

[4] Interview with Jean-Claude Juncker on 25 January 2022.

[5] Benoît Majerus, „Histoire(s) dans ,Superjhemp‘“, in: Claude D. Conter, Claude Kremer, Anouk Stephano (ed.), De Superjhemp ënnert dem Röntgenbléck (Warken, Mersch: De Verlaach, CNL, 2019), p. 94–113, here p. 108; cf. Paul Dell, „6.3 Die Superjhemp-Saga – Eine ideale Projektionsfläche“, in: IPSE – Identités, Politiques, Sociétés, Espaces (ed.), Doing Identity in Luxembourg: Subjective Appropriations – Institutional Attributions – Socio-Cultural Milieus, Culture and Social Practice (Bielefeld: transcript, 2014), p. 179–91; cf. BGT 01 12 01 00, correspondence XI, December 1987–July 1990: François Trausch to Gilbert Trausch on 1 December 1989.

[6] Marko Demantowsky, „What is Public History,“ in: id. (ed.), Public History and School: International Perspectives (Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2018), p. 3–15, here p. 9; cf. Irmgard Zündorf, “Zeitgeschichte und Public History,” in: Docupedia-Zeitgeschichte,https://docupedia.de/zg/Zuendorf_public_history_v2_de_2016 (6 September 2016, 11 February 2022), passim.

[7] Thomas Cauvin, Public History: A Textbook of Practice (New York, London: Routledge, 2016), p. 11.

[8] Demantowsky, What is Public History (see note 6), p. 10.

[9] Charles C. Cole Jr. (1994) cit. by Zündorf, Zeitgeschichte und Public History (see note 6) [paragraph 2]; cf. Joanna Wojdon, Dorota Wiśniewska, „The Public(s) in Public History – Conclusions,“ in: ead. (ed.), Public in Public History, Global Perspectives on Public History (London: Taylor & Francis, 2021), p. 265–70, here p. 265, cf. p. 268.

[10] Zündorf, Zeitgeschichte und Public History (see note 6) [paragraph 2].

[11] Robert Kelley (1978) cit. from Zündorf, Zeitgeschichte und Public History (see note 6) [paragraph 5].

[12] Demantowsky, What is Public History (see note 6), p. 4–5; Ronald J. Grele, “Whose Public? Whose History? What Is the Goal of a Public Historian?” The Public Historian, 3 (1981), no. 1, 40–48, here 43; cf. Cauvin, Public History (see note 7), p. 5–6.

[13] BGT 03 09 01 04, file “Karlspreis”; cf. speech of Grand Duke Jean Großherzog of Luxembourg, https://www.karlspreis.de/de/preistraeger/das-luxemburgische-volk-1986/rede-von-jean-grossherzog-von-luxemburg (22 April 2022)

[14] BGT 03 09 03 05: ms. lecture “Einführung von Prof. Gilbert Trausch” for the invitation of the president of European Parliament into the Centre d’Études et des Recherches européennes Robert Schuman (CERE). 

[15] BGT 03 09 02 05: Prix Joseph Bech 1995, MIT1–MIT4; cf. Libération, https://www.liberation.fr/france-archive/1995/03/13/hexagonales-elysee-pour-mitterrand-l-europe-a-un-prix_127347/ (13.3.1995, 6.10.2021); ###cf. Jan Zimmermann, Die Kulturpreise der Stiftung F.V.S. 1935–1945: Darstellung und Dokumentation, ed. Alfred Toepfer Stiftung F.V.S., Schriften der Alfred Toepfer Stiftung F.V.S. (Hamburg: Christians, 2000), p.###

[16] Trausch’s personal diary of 1975: reception of the Austrian president Rudolf Kirchschläger on 14/15 July 1975; diary of 1976: reception of the Queen of Denmark on 22 November 1976. BGT 01 15 01 00, folder VII correspondence April 1979–December 1981: Josy Braun, „Staatsbesuch aus Spanien: Der hohen Gäste erster Tag: Historisches Gemeinsamkeiten, einträchtiger Blick in die Zukunft,“ tageblatt (Juli 1980). BGT 03 09 03 03: Trausch’s lecture for the visit of the German federal president Richard von Weizäcker on 7 Sept. 1988; card in the hand written book of the dinners in the house Trausch with the invitation to the lunch reception of the Norwegian prime minister Gro Harlem Brundtland on 10 Oct. 1994.

[17] BGT 01 15 — 02 b, file “Conférence dynastie 1990, 100 anniv Nassau-W au Lux.”.

[18] Interview with Jungblut on 4.1.2022.

[19] Grele, Whose Public (see note 12), 46, 43; cf. Ute Daniel, Kompendium Kulturgeschichte: Theorien, Praxis, Schlüsselwörter (Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp, 2001), S. 388.

[20] For ###Jean-Marie Majerus Trausch’s most important publications, Interview with ###Majerus on ###2020. 

[21] In 2020 the author tried in vain to buy any of Trausch’s publications in Luxembourgish bookshops.

[22] BGT 01 12 01 00, corr. July 1975–December 1976: Trausch to Antoine Weis (president of the LAV) on 26 October 1976.

[23] Gilbert Trausch [et al.] (dir.), La gendarmerie au Luxembourg / Die Gendarmerie in Luxemburg, 1797–1997 (Luxembourg: Gendarmerie grand-ducale, 1997).

[24] Gilbert Trausch (Hg.), CSV: Spiegelbild eines Landes und seiner Politik? Geschichte der Christlich-Sozialen Volkspartei Luxemburgs im 20. Jahrhundert (Luxembourg: Saint-Paul, 2008).

[25] BGT 01 12 01 00, correspondence X a July 1986–February 1988: ###

[26] BGT 01 15 – 02 b, file “Conférence dynastie 1990, 100 anniv Nassau-W au Lux.”: Pierre A. Even to Trausch on 9 May 1990. 

[27] Cf. Centre d’Études et des Recherches européennes Robert Schuman (ed.), 50 joer Schuman Plang: Robert Schuman, Jean Monnet et les débuts de l’Europe (Luxembourg: CERE, 2000) ; cf. Archives du CERE : file “Exposition Schuman, Dosser Prof. G. Trausch 28.4.2000–20.05.2000”; data files given by Getty Glaesener: Trausch to PM Juncker on 4 February 2000.

[28] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2R0GjkUb6rE&t=238s (23.6.2020, 21.1.2022).

[29] Michel Dumoulin, “Gilbert Trausch (1931–2018)”, La Thérésienne, https://popups.uliege.be/2593-4228/index.php?id=1128 (25 June 2021, 26 January 2022)

[30] Demantowsky, What is Public History (see note 6), p. 10–11. 

[31] Jürgen Habermas, „Vom öffentlichen Gebrauch der Historie: Das offizielle Selbstverständnis der Bundesrepublik bricht auf,“ in: Rudolf Augstein (ed.), „Historikerstreit“: Die Dokumentation der Kontroverse um die Einzigartigkeit der nationalsozialistischen Judenvernichtung, Serie Piper, Bd. 816 (München, Zürich: Piper, 1987), p. 243–55, here p. 251–52.

[32] Uffa Jensen, „Wie die Historie öffentlich gebraucht wird: Jürgen Habermas und der Historikerstreit,“ in: Steffen Kailitz (ed.), Die Gegenwart der Vergangenheit: Der „Historikerstreit“ und die deutsche Geschichtspolitik (Wiesbaden: VS, 2008), S. 72–83, her p. 76.

[33] ###Bertemes (Saarbrücker Zeitung) to Trausch on 3.4.1984 – VIII 11(1981–6(1984 01 12 01 00.pdf; ###Bertemes to Trausch on 4.7. and 6.9.1984 – ###01 12 01 00 IX 4(1983–6(1986.pdf.

[34] Archives of the Centre national de l’audiovisuel (CNA): Radio-Télé-Luxembourg (in the following abbreviated into CNA-RTL) 5093a on 2 and 9 December 1977.

[35] CNA-RTL 11194 on the Luxembourgish Peasants’ War of 1798 on 23 December 1981, 9257 on the role of work in Luxembourgish society on 8 April 2000. I would like to thank Mrs. ### for sending the indication to these radio documents. 

[36] CNA-RTL 9162 on the Luxembourgish political parties on 17 April 1999.

[37] CNA-RTL 9055 on 21 June 1997.

[38] CNA-RTL 7202 on 20–22 March; 7196 on 18 April; 7257 on 4, 5 and 8 May; 7258 on 26 June; 7265 on 11–12 July; 7282 on 25–26 September 1989.

[39] CNA-RTL 7443b on 8 December 1990. 

[40] CNA-RTL 7378 on 5–9 and 12–16 March 1990.

[41] BGT 01 12 01 00, corr. June 1973–July 1975: Saarländischer Rundfunk to Trausch on 25 February 1975: broadcast “Gute Nachbarschaft – Vergessene Schätze” on 25 January 1975. BGT 01 12 01 00, corr. July 1975–December 1976: Radiodiffusion-Télévision Belge-Institut des Emission Françaises to Trausch on 19 January 1976: RTB-programme on 22 February 1976. Trausch-Diary 1976: entries 29 September–1 October: “5 radio”. Trausch-Diary 1976: entry 20 October on the visit of Irmengard Peller-Séguy of the Saarländischer Rundfunk; mpw, “France-Culture à l’heure du Grand-Duché: A partir d’aujourd’hui quatre émissions sur le Luxembourg en direct depuis le Centre Culturel Français,” Luxemburger Wort(20.1.1987). 

[42] CNA-BETA 0051/001: like on 18 May 1980; cf. Interview with Jungblut on 4 January 2022; cf. Pit Péporté, Sonja Kmec, Benoît Majerus, Michel Margue (Hg.), Inventing Luxembourg: Representations of the Past, Space and Language from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century, Leyden: Brill, 2010 (National Cultivation of Culture, vol. 1), p. 317.

[43] CNA-BETA 0170/011 on 22 June 1980. 

[44] CNA-HE8606 29LE/006 on 29 June 1986, CNA-STON000509LE/018 on 9 May 2000. 

[45] CNA-HE8806 26LE/012 on 26 June 1988, CNA-HE8904 16LE/024 on 16 April 1989, CNA-HERU 1625/001 on 19 April 1989, CNA-HE8904 23LE/015 on 19 April 1989, CNA-HE8909 10LE/018 on 10 September 1989, CNA- 

[46] BGT 01 15 – 02 c: 26th congress of Coin de terre et du foyer on 1 September 1988 “Le développement du mouvement jardinier dans le contexte économique et social”. Cf. BGT 03 09 02 01, blue folder “Correspondance 1997–2000/2001”: Jean-Paul Hoffmann to Trausch on 12 July 2001: Trausch’s lecture at the Société électrique de l’Our; cf. BGT 03 08 02 04: yearly report Paul Wurth 1995: Trausch’s lecture at the 125th anniversary of the enterprise Paul Wurth.

[47] BGT 01 15 – 02 c: Trausch’s lecture “Le Luxembourg d’il y a un siècle” at the Union des Timbrophiles de Luxembourg on  6 April 1990.

[48] BGT 01 15 — 02 b, file “Association des Néphrologues de l’Est, Luxembourg 2004: Hormones et dialyse”, 17–18 September 2004: programme.

[49] BGT 01 15 – 02 b, file “Conférence Aachen, Deutsche Frage” [10 February 1992], p. 1. 

[50] Loan translations### BGT 01 15 – 02 b, file “Conférence Aachen, Deutsche Frage” [10 February 1992], p. 3: “nur eine Klammer” = une parenthèse, p. 12: “niedriges Profil[,] profil bas”.

[51] BGT 01 15 — 02 b, file “La question allemande” on 25 February 1991 [at Kirchberg], p. 9–11, citations p. 10; cf. file “Conférence Aachen, Deutsche Frage” [on 10 February 1992], p. 5–6.

[52] jcw, “Die deutsche Frage und Europa: Konferenz von Professor Gilbert Trausch,” Luxemburger Wort (27 February 1991). ###Cf. ### Beate Gödde-Baumanns, “L’idée des deux Allemagne dans l’historiographie française des années 1871–1914,” Francia, 12 (1984), 609–19.

[53] Cf. Gilbert Trausch, “Deutschland und Luxemburg vom Wiener Kongreß bis zum heutigen Tage: Die Geschichte einer Entfremdung,” in: Josef Becker, Andreas Hillgruber (ed.), Die Deutsche Frage im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert: Referate und Diskussionsbeiträge eines Augsburger Symposions 23. bis 25. September 1981, Schriften der Philosophischen Fakultäten der Universität Augsburg, Nr. 24 (München: Vögel, 1983), S. 185–220, hier S. 213.

[54] Gilbert Trausch, „Alsace-Lorraine et Luxembourg ou l’enjeu politique d’une comparaison,“ in: Société savante d’Alsace et des régions de l’Est (ed.), L’Europe, l’Alsace et la France: Problèmes intérieurs et relations internationales à l’époque moderne: Études réunies en l’honneur du doyen Georges Livet pour son 70e anniversaire, Grandes publications, t. 28 (Colmar: Ed. d’Alsaces, 1986), p. 345–56, here p. 347; cf. Gilbert Trausch, Histoire du Luxembourg, Nations d’Europe (Paris: Hatier, 1992), p. 98–99.

[55] Laurent Schmit, “Der Vermittler: Nachruf auf Gilbert Trausch,” Reporter, https://www.reporter.lu/fr/gilbert-trausch-der-vermittler/ (6.6.2018, 15.4.2022).

[56] Cit. from Cauvin, Public History (see note 12), p. 2.

[57] Wojdon, Wiśniewska, Public(s) (see note 9), p. 269. 

[58] Demantowsky, What is Public History (see note 6), p. 26.

[59] Demantowsky, What is Public History (see note 6), p. 24–25.

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